How did medieval Europe’s money system really work? While gold and silver coins were important, credit-based money systems ...

We often romanticize the Middle Ages, seeing them as a time of chivalry, gallant knights, and castles. Beneath all of this ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Peter Suciu covers trends in the world of aerospace and defense. Thanks to the popularity of historical fiction novels, HBO's Game ...

The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy comprises over fifty specially commissioned essays by experts on the philosophy of this period. Starting in the late eighth century, with the renewal of ...

In the ninth and tenth centuries, castles were often built of wood and easily burned down by enemies. As unrest spread across Europe and warfare began to change, castle designs had to adapt. Looming ...

Manuscript of “Two Leaves from the Mirror of Human Salvation” formerly used as a book cover (Germany, late 14th century), ink and pigments on medium weight, cream-colored parchment (courtesy the ...

Miri Rubin does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...