Absence of Strong Legislation: India lacks specific anti-torture legislation and has not criminalized custodial violence. The state has resisted enacting a law, claiming that existing domestic legal ...

The move towards these alternatives signifies a shift towards reformative justice, though the new laws largely retain the punitive character of the criminal justice system. These alternatives aim to ...

The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, represents a progressive approach to criminal justice in India [1]. By prioritizing rehabilitation and social reintegration, the Act seeks to transform offenders ...

In India, a pre-sentence hearing is a crucial stage in criminal proceedings that takes place after a conviction but before the sentence is pronounced. This hearing allows the convicted individual to ...

Criminology, penology, and victimology are interconnected fields that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of crime and criminal justice. These fields address different aspects of crime, from ...

Legal literacy involves awareness and understanding of laws, legal rights, and how the legal system functions, empowering citizens to seek justice and understand their rights. Recent reforms in the ...